(TOD®) Tests of Dyslexia 讀寫障礙測驗
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Product Description
Benefit
Allows practitioners and educators to accurately assess and diagnose dyslexia and specific learning disability in reading, provides risk and probability indexes, and includes intervention recommendations based on assessment results
Norms
2,518 individuals aged 5 to 89 in standardization and validation studies. Standardization sample closely matches U.S. Census data for gender, race/ethnicity, parents’ educational level, and geographic area
Audio File
Available for download here.
Scores
Standard and composite scores, percentile ranks, confidence intervals, age- and grade-equivalents; growth scores for monitoring progress. TOD Rating Scales provide T-scores, percentiles, confidence intervals, and level of risk. See full scores below.
Format
TOD-S can be administered to individuals or groups; TOD-C and TOD-E are individually administered; available in digital or paper formats
Admin Time
TOD-S: 10–15 minutes; TOD-E: additional 20–25 minutes after TOD-S; TOD-C: additional 30–40 minutes after TOD-S to obtain DDI, LPI, and RSI with additional tests at 5-10 minutes each
Ages
Grade K through adulthood; ages 5 years, 0 months–89 years, 11 months
Publish Date
2024
Qualifications
Level B required
Frequently asked questions (FAQs) about the TOD are available for reference.
The Tests of Dyslexia (TOD®) consists of three (3) sets of direct assessments: TOD-Screener (TOD-S), TOD-Early (TOD-E), and TOD-Comprehensive (TOD-C). The tests measure skills and abilities across three domains: reading and spelling; linguistic processing; and vocabulary and reasoning. TOD Parent/Caregiver, Teacher, and Self-Rating Scales gather data on indicators of dyslexia such as family history of reading problems, motivation, and early speech or language difficulties.
Together, the tests can help you create a profile of reading, spelling, and linguistic abilities to identify those who have characteristics consistent with a dyslexia diagnosis. The Dyslexia Interventions and Recommendations: A Companion Guide to the Tests of Dyslexia (TOD) links assessment data to evidence-based intervention recommendations so you can plan instruction based on individual strengths and needs.
Expanded Scoring Information
Age-based and grade-based standard scores, percentile ranks, confidence intervals, and age- and grade-equivalent scores for each TOD test; Dyslexia Risk Index (TOD-S); Early Dyslexia Diagnostic Index (TOD-E); Dyslexia Diagnostic Index (TOD-C); composite scores in the domains of reading and spelling, linguistic processing, and vocabulary and reasoning; growth scores for monitoring progress. Co-normed TOD Rating Scales provide T-scores, percentile ranks, confidence intervals, and level of risk.
The TOD offers flexible testing configurations, standalone test options, as well as supplemental composites. The TOD-C generates 15 composite scores, and the TOD-E generates 4 composite scores, allowing practitioners to tailor each assessment to the needs of students.
WPS includes online scoring for all TOD kits.
Comprehensive Tests
Decades of reading research have identified the linguistic skills that underlie reading and spelling abilities, as well as those that are typically affected by dyslexia. In alignment with that research, the TOD measures:
- Sight Word Acquisition
- Phonics Knowledge
- Basic Reading Skill
- Decoding Efficiency
- Spelling
- Reading Fluency
- Reading Comprehension Efficiency
- Phonological Awareness
- Rapid Automatized Naming
- Auditory Working Memory
- Orthographic Processing
- Visual–Verbal Paired-Associate Learning
- Vocabulary
- Reasoning
TOD-Screener
This quick screener can be used with individuals or groups to provide a Dyslexia Risk Index (DRI) to show whether a more comprehensive assessment is needed.
TOD-S tests include:
- Picture Vocabulary (not included in DRI)
- Letter and Word Choice
- Word or Question Reading Fluency
TOD-Comprehensive
The TOD-C provides a comprehensive dyslexia assessment which yields a Dyslexia Diagnostic Index (DDI) indicating the probability that an individual has dyslexia. The DDI is based on 2 tests from the TOD-S and 6 additional tests from the TOD-C. Another 14 tests provide a detailed look at skills and abilities related to dyslexia.
TOD-C tests include:
- Phonological Manipulation
- Irregular Word Spelling
- Rapid Letter Naming
- Pseudoword Reading
- Word Pattern Choice
- Word Memory
- Picture Analogies
- Irregular Word Reading
- Oral Reading Efficiency
- Blending
- Segmenting
- Regular Word Spelling
- Silent Reading Efficiency
- Rapid Number and Letter Naming
- Letter Memory
- Rapid Pseudoword Reading
- Rapid Irregular Word Reading
- Symbol to Sound Learning
- Listening Vocabulary
- Geometric Analogies
TOD-Early
The TOD-E assesses each of the early abilities that most clearly indicate dyslexia in young children, yielding an Early Dyslexia Diagnostic Index (EDDI) score. Two TOD-S tests, along with the 6 TOD-E tests, indicate an individual’s risk of dyslexia.
TOD-E tests include:
- Sounds and Pseudowords
- Rhyming
- Early Rapid Number and Letter Naming
- Letter and Sight Word Recognition
- Early Segmenting
- Letter and Sound Knowledge
TOD Rating Scales
TOD-C and TOD-E Parent/Caregiver Rating Scales for grades K through 12 (available in English and Spanish) provide information about:
- family history of reading or spelling difficulties;
- delays in early speech or language development;
- the student’s ability to read, spell, listen, and speak;
- impressions of the student’s abilities compared to others of the same age;
- the student’s attitude toward reading; and
- the amount of support needed for homework and organization.
TOD-C and TOD-E Teacher Rating Scales provide information about:
- the amount of difficulty a student has with reading, spelling, and other classroom tasks;
- whether a student needs extra time to complete assignments;
- how oral language and reasoning skills compare to those of peers; and
- apparent preference for other activities over reading.
TOD-C Self-Rating Scales for Grade 1 through adulthood provide information about:
- attitude toward reading; and
- perception of oral language, word reading, comprehension, and spelling abilities.
Dyslexia Interventions and Recommendations: A Companion Guide to the Tests of Dyslexia (TOD)
This practical, evidence-based companion guide (referred to as the TOD Intervention Guidebook) helps practitioners link detailed interventions and recommendations to assessment data. Based on a structured literacy approach, the guide contains hundreds of strategies and activities grounded in the Science of Reading. It can be used by teachers, clinicians, and families to focus instruction and create a more supportive, effective learning environment.
Use With Variety of SLD Models
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) describes three methods for identifying dyslexia and other learning disabilities:
- Discrepancy between ability and achievement
- Pattern of strengths and weaknesses
- Response to intervention (RTI)
Although a dyslexia diagnosis should not be based solely on the results of any single assessment, data from the TOD can be effectively used with any of the three IDEA models, subject to the requirements of individual states and school districts.
Comparing vocabulary and/or reasoning composites to reading and spelling composites can provide evidence of discrepancy. For example, when vocabulary and reasoning scores are higher than reading and spelling scores, the difficulties in reading and spelling can be viewed as “unexpected” given verbal comprehension and reasoning abilities.
TOD composites may also indicate a pattern of strengths and weaknesses that is common in individuals with dyslexia: difficulties in reading and spelling, paired with one or more significant linguistic weaknesses, and strong verbal comprehension and/or reasoning ability. TOD composites can be used to confirm such a pattern normatively or intra-individually.
In school districts where students have received evidence-based instruction in a tiered setting, TOD-C standard scores based on national norms can confirm whether a student’s performance and progress are acceptable, or whether a diagnosis of SLD or another condition may be appropriate.
The TOD Manual provides detailed guidance on identifying dyslexia probability using each of these models.
Use in Progress Monitoring
TOD standard scores and growth scores can be used to monitor progress over time. Standard scores are norm-referenced based on age or grade; therefore, achieving the same standard score after a year indicates that a student’s reading scores have increased at the same rate as those of other same-age or same-grade students. Growth scores show an individual’s progress compared to their own previous performance. Growth scores are sensitive to smaller changes, so an improvement of ten points or more indicates meaningful growth in a skill or ability. Used together, standard and growth scores can provide a clear picture of change.
(TOD®) 讀寫障礙測驗
Benefit（優點）
允許專業人員與教育工作者準確評估與診斷讀寫障礙及閱讀方面的特定學習障礙，提供風險與機率指數，並根據評估結果提供介入建議。
Norms（常模）
在標準化與驗證研究中包含 2,518 名年齡 5 至 89 歲的個體。標準化樣本在性別、種族/族裔、父母教育程度與地理區域方面與美國人口普查資料高度一致。
Audio File（音檔）
可於此下載。
Scores（分數）
標準分數與綜合分數、百分等級、信賴區間、年齡與年級等值分數；用於監測進步的成長分數。TOD 評量量表提供 T 分數、百分等級、信賴區間及風險等級。完整分數請見下文。
Format（形式）
TOD-S 可個別或團體施測；TOD-C 與 TOD-E 為個別施測；提供數位或紙本形式。
Admin Time（施測時間）
TOD-S：10–15 分鐘；TOD-E：在 TOD-S 後額外 20–25 分鐘；TOD-C：在 TOD-S 後額外 30–40 分鐘，以取得 DDI、LPI 與 RSI，並包含每項額外測驗 5–10 分鐘。
Ages（年齡）
幼稚園至成人；5 歲 0 個月至 89 歲 11 個月。
Publish Date（出版日期）
2024
Qualifications（資格）
需要 Level B 資格。
有關 TOD 的常見問題（FAQs）可供參考。
Tests of Dyslexia（TOD®）包含三（3）組直接評估：TOD-Screener（TOD-S）、TOD-Early（TOD-E）與 TOD-Comprehensive（TOD-C）。這些測驗測量三個領域的技能與能力：閱讀與拼字；語言處理；以及詞彙與推理。TOD 家長/照顧者、教師及自我評量量表收集與讀寫障礙相關的指標資料，例如閱讀問題的家族史、動機，以及早期語言或言語困難。
這些測驗共同幫助建立閱讀、拼字與語言能力的概況，以識別具有符合讀寫障礙診斷特徵的人。讀寫障礙介入與建議：TOD 配套指南將評估資料連結至以實證為基礎的介入建議，使您能根據個別優勢與需求規劃教學。
Expanded Scoring Information（擴展分數資訊）
每項 TOD 測驗提供基於年齡與年級的標準分數、百分等級、信賴區間，以及年齡與年級等值分數；讀寫障礙風險指數（TOD-S）；早期讀寫障礙診斷指數（TOD-E）；讀寫障礙診斷指數（TOD-C）；閱讀與拼字、語言處理，以及詞彙與推理領域的綜合分數；用於監測進步的成長分數。共同常模的 TOD 評量量表提供 T 分數、百分等級、信賴區間及風險等級。
TOD 提供彈性的測驗配置、單獨測驗選項，以及補充性綜合分數。TOD-C 產生 15 個綜合分數，TOD-E 產生 4 個綜合分數，使專業人員能根據學生需求調整每次評估。
WPS 為所有 TOD 套件提供線上計分。
Comprehensive Tests（完整測驗）
數十年的閱讀研究已識別出構成閱讀與拼字能力的語言技能，以及通常受讀寫障礙影響的技能。依據該研究，TOD 測量：
- 視覺詞彙習得
- 自然拼讀知識
- 基本閱讀技能
- 解碼效率
- 拼字
- 閱讀流暢度
- 閱讀理解效率
- 音韻覺識
- 快速自動命名
- 聽覺工作記憶
- 正字法處理
- 視覺－語言配對學習
- 詞彙
- 推理
TOD-Screener
此快速篩檢可用於個別或團體，以提供讀寫障礙風險指數（DRI），顯示是否需要更完整的評估。
TOD-S 測驗包含：
圖片詞彙（不包含於 DRI）
字母與單字選擇
單字或題目閱讀流暢度
TOD-Comprehensive
TOD-C 提供完整的讀寫障礙評估，產生讀寫障礙診斷指數（DDI），表示個體具有讀寫障礙的機率。DDI 基於 TOD-S 的 2 項測驗及 TOD-C 的 6 項額外測驗。另有 14 項測驗提供與讀寫障礙相關技能與能力的詳細分析。
TOD-C 測驗包含：
- 音韻操作
- 不規則單字拼字
- 快速字母命名
- 假字閱讀
- 單字模式選擇
- 單字記憶
- 圖片類比
- 不規則單字閱讀
- 口語閱讀效率
- 混合
- 分割
- 規則單字拼字
- 默讀效率
- 快速數字與字母命名
- 字母記憶
- 快速假字閱讀
- 快速不規則單字閱讀
- 符號對聲音學習
- 聽覺詞彙
- 幾何類比
TOD-Early
TOD-E 評估最能顯示幼兒讀寫障礙的早期能力，產生早期讀寫障礙診斷指數（EDDI）。TOD-S 的兩項測驗加上 TOD-E 的 6 項測驗共同指出個體的讀寫障礙風險。
TOD-E 測驗包含：
- 聲音與假字
- 押韻
- 早期快速數字與字母命名
- 字母與視覺詞辨識
- 早期分割
- 字母與聲音知識
TOD Rating Scales（評量量表）
家長/照顧者量表
提供以下資訊：
- 閱讀或拼字困難的家族史
- 早期語言或言語發展延遲
- 學生的閱讀、拼字、聆聽與口語能力
- 與同齡者相比的能力印象
- 對閱讀的態度
- 作業與組織所需的支援程度
教師量表
提供以下資訊：
- 閱讀、拼字及其他課堂任務的困難程度
- 是否需要額外時間完成作業
- 口語語言與推理能力與同儕的比較
- 是否偏好其他活動而非閱讀
自評量表
提供以下資訊：
- 對閱讀的態度
- 對口語語言、單字閱讀、理解與拼字能力的自我感知
Dyslexia Interventions and Recommendations（介入指南）
此實用且以實證為基礎的配套指南，協助專業人員將詳細的介入與建議與評估資料連結。基於結構化讀寫教學方法，指南包含數百種策略與活動，並建立於閱讀科學之上。可供教師、臨床人員及家庭使用，以聚焦教學並建立更有效的學習環境。
Use With Variety of SLD Models（與 SLD 模型的應用）
IDEA 描述三種識別讀寫障礙及其他學習障礙的方法：
- 能力與成就之間的差異
- 優勢與弱勢模式
- 介入反應（RTI）
雖然讀寫障礙診斷不應僅依賴單一測驗，但 TOD 資料可有效用於三種模型（依各州與學區規定）。
比較詞彙與/或推理綜合分數與閱讀與拼字綜合分數，可提供差異證據。例如，當詞彙與推理分數高於閱讀與拼字分數時，閱讀與拼字困難可視為相對於語文理解與推理能力而言「不符合預期」。
TOD 綜合分數亦可顯示常見於讀寫障礙者的優弱勢模式。
Use in Progress Monitoring（進度監測）
標準分數與成長分數可用於隨時間監測進展。標準分數為常模參照；若一年後標準分數相同，表示成長速度與同齡者相同。成長分數反映個人進步，提升 10 分或以上表示有意義的進步。
| W-700 | TOD-C Comprehensive Kit 完整套件 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-700A | TOD-C Print Response Booklet Grade 1-Adult (Pack of 10) 紙本作答本（1年級–成人）（10本裝） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-700B | TOD-C Print Record Form Grade 1-Adult (Pack of 10) 紙本紀錄表（1年級–成人）（10份裝） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-700G | TOD-C Print Easel 1 紙本展示冊 1 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-700GP | TOD-C Digital Easel 1 數位展示冊 1 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-700H | TOD-C Print Easel 2 紙本展示冊 2 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-700HP | TOD-C Digital Easel 2 數位展示冊 2 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-700J | Dyslexia Interventions and Recommendations - A Print Companion Guide to the Tests of Dyslexia (TOD) 讀寫障礙介入與建議－讀寫障礙測驗（TOD）紙本配套指南 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-700M | TOD Print Manual 紙本手冊 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-700N | TOD Print Norms 紙本常模 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-700XI | TOD-C Comprehensive Kit with British English TOD-S Forms 完整套件（含英式英文 TOD-S 表單） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-701 | TOD-S Print Screener Kit 紙本篩檢套件 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-701A | TOD-S Print Response Booklet and Scoring Sheet Grades K-1 (Pack of 10) 紙本作答本與計分表（K–1 年級）（10本裝） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-701B | TOD-S Print Response Booklet and Scoring Sheet Grades 2-5 (Pack of 10) 紙本作答本與計分表（2–5 年級）（10本裝） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-701C | TOD-S Print Response Booklet and Scoring Sheet Grade 6-Adult (Pack of 10) 紙本作答本與計分表（6 年級–成人）（10本裝） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-701D | TOD-S Print Administration Guide 紙本施測指南 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-701F | TOD-S British English Print Response Booklet and Scoring Sheet Grades K-1 (Pack of 10) 英式英文紙本作答本與計分表（K–1 年級）（10本裝） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-701G | TOD-S British English Print Response Booklet and Scoring Sheet Grades 2-5 (Pack of 10) 英式英文紙本作答本與計分表（2–5 年級）（10本裝） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-701H | TOD-S British English Print Response Booklet and Scoring Sheet Grade 6-Adult (Pack of 10) 英式英文紙本作答本與計分表（6 年級–成人）（10本裝） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-701XI | TOD-S Print Screener Kit with British English TOD-S Forms 紙本篩檢套件（含英式英文 TOD-S 表單） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-702 | TOD-E Early Kit 早期套件 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-702A | TOD-E Print Record Form Grades K-2 (Pack of 10) 紙本紀錄表（K–2 年級）（10份裝） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-702E | TOD-E Print Easel 紙本展示冊 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-702EP | TOD-E Digital Easel 數位展示冊 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-702XI | TOD-E Early Kit with British English TOD-S Forms 早期套件（含英式英文 TOD-S 表單） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-705 | TOD Print Combination Kit 紙本組合套件 | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
| W-705XI | TOD Print Combination Kit with British English TOD-S Forms 紙本組合套件（含英式英文 TOD-S 表單） | Email for quotation 電郵詢價 |
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